Roman Architecture Essay Example for Free

Roman Architecture Essay Some 2,025 years ago, an aged Roman architect named Vitruvius wrote all he knew on architecture on 10 scrolls and presented it to Emperor Augustus in the hope of developing this dying art. Known as the, ‘Ten Books on Architecture,’ this piece of antiquity is the only such work to survive through medieval times, and continues to be an important resource for architects today Prof. Thomas Gordon Smith, Viturvius on Architecture. The early Christian church was spectacular in architecture. They were an end-product of a combination of assimilation and rejection of precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public building, the private Roman house, and the synagogue. The Early Christian church (the Basilica church) architecture developed from Roman secular basilica; a centralized type from Roman tombs (Early Christian Architecture, Ch.4, p.159-169, n.d) . 2.0 Introduction Roman architecture dates back in time when Greek architecture was at its best. Many of the Greek style have been perfected by the Romans and this can be seen in the architectural brilliance in their churches to date. The Pantheon is a prime example of architectural brilliance. The Pantheon was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the Roman state religion, but is now a Christian church since the 7th century. Such is the construction that it remains the best-preserved and the oldest important Roman building in the world. What’s more, this building has its original roof intact. It remained in use throughout its history (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169). 2.1 History The Pantheon was built as early as 27-25 BC during the third consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. As testimony stands the inscription of his name on the portico of the building, which reads, ‘M ·AGRIPPA ·L ·F ·COS ·TERTIUM ·FECIT.’ It was originally built with adjoining baths and water gardens, but this structure lay destroyed by a raging fire in AD 80, only to be rebuilt around 125 during the reign of the then Emperor, Emperor Hadrian. On reconstruction, the text of the original inscription of Agrippa was added; a practice followed during Hadrians rebuilding processes all over Rome. The building went through subsequent repairs under Septimius Severus and Caracalla. In 609 the Byzantine emperor Phocas presented the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV, who reconsecrated it as a Christian church, the Church of Mary and all the Martyr Saints. The buildings consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment which befell the majority of ancient Romes buildings during the early mediaeval period. The building however lost some of its external sculptures above Agrippas inscription. The marble interior and the great bronze doors have survived, although the doors came in for repair works several times. Since the Renaissance the Pantheon was used as a tomb, and those buried here were the late painters, Raphael and Annibale Caracci, the architect Baldassare Peruzzi and King Vittorio Emanuele II and his Queen Margherita, and King Umberto I.   Since 1946, when Italy became a republic, many members of Italian monarchist organizations still maintain a vigil over the royal tombs in the Pantheon. Despite protests from republicans, the Catholic authorities have allowed this practice to continue. The Pantheon however, remains to be a church with masses continuing to follow celebrations and weddings (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169). 2.2 Structure The Pantheon was perhaps among the most difficult piece of architecture to build. The huge structure would make even today’s architects amazed by their precision and craftsmanship. The dome would have taken years to perfect and establish, for it was very high up from the floor and definitely a challenging task. Following is a detailed description of this mighty structure. The Pantheon is circular in structure with a portico of three ranks of huge granite Corinthian columns; eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind. These huge columns, under a pediment, open out into a rotunda, under a coffered, concrete dome, with a central opening called the oculus, the Great Eye, to the sky. A rectangular structure links the portico with the rotunda. On the walls behind the portico are the statues of Caesar, Augustus and Agrippa. The large bronze doors, once gold-plated remain, but without the gold. The pediment, decorated with bronze sculptures depicting the Battle of the Titan s, shows gaping holes where once stood the clamps which held the sculptures. The height to the oculus (the roof) and the diameter of its inner circle are 43 meters, making the whole interior fit within a cube. This dome remains the largest surviving antiquity, and was the largest dome in Western Europe until Brunelleschis dome of the Duomo of Florence was completed in 1436. The dome was covered with gilded bronze plates. The interior of the roof was crafted to symbolize the heavens. The Great Eye, at 27 feet, and at the domes apex, was the source for lighting the interior and represented the sun. The interior also featured sunken panels (coffers) of bronze star ornaments. These coffers not only presented a decorative splendor, but helped reduce the weight of the roof. The top of the rotunda wall had a series of brick-relieving arches that were visible on the outside were once hidden by marble facings. The Pantheon is made up of such devices; there are relieving arches over the recesses inside, all that were again originally hidden by marble facing. An important aspect of the structure is that the proportions of the building are in discord to classical ideal. The rather large pediment appears far too heavy for the columns supporting it; the earlier expectation was that the building would be much taller than its current size actually is, and this raises the issue of its affect on the larger columns. Since there was shortage in supply of raw material (imported stones), the columns were not enough to build as per designs, and completed somewhat out of proportion. The composition of the concrete used to construct the dome remains a mystery. It would need technological excellence to create anything close to this, for; the dome was so heavy that it would barely have been able to stand on its own weight. Concrete has very low tensile strength, yet the Pantheon has stood for centuries. It is believed that the Romans used pozzolanic ash from a nearby volcano and fist-sized rocks to the concrete made up of a hydrate lime. The high tensile strength it appears, seems to come from the way the concrete was applied in very small amounts and then tamped down to remove excess water. This would have removed the appearance of air bubbles that form in concrete as it dries, increasing its strength enormously (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169, n.d). The Roman Christian church remains one of the most brilliant discoveries in architectural history. This was achieved through ways of assimilating and rejecting various precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public and private buildings, and the synagogue. Italy was the home of Christianity, and this effectively led to the development of an underground Eastern mystery cult during the first three centuries AD, and established as the state religion of the Empire under the successors of Constantine.   The early Christian Architecture saw the development of basilica churches from Roman secular basilicas. In Rome, classical marble wall membering, vocabulary and massive walls were gradually replaced by broad, flat surfaces. Evenly lighted, these structures had plain brick exteriors and mosaic bands as interiors. 3.0 Literature Review The Romans adopted the classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, but which, they modified to suit their needs and create a new architectural style. Both, the Greek and Roman styles of architecture are thus, often considered one body of classical architecture. â€Å"Roman architecture represents a fusion of traditional Greek and Etruscan elements, notably the trabeated orders† (Early Christian Architecture, n.d), with changes coming about in their structural principles based on the design of arch and usage of concrete.   The Romans achieved originality very late in their existence; they were nearly carbon copies of early Greek structures. It was only later that the influence of Etruscans in the form of arch and the three-dimensional countenance of domes began to take shape. The two developments of any significance were the Tuscan and Composite orders. While the Tuscan model was made of the shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order, the Composite model was more elaborate; tall orders with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and scrolls of the Ionic. With the discovery of concrete, the Romans were able to construct curved and stronger structures.   Tile-covered concrete took over from marbles as the primary building material and architects were able to innovate using its flexibility to build huge, structural buildings that were extremely brilliant monuments. Structures with huge supporting pillars to support arches and domes came into being; they also inspired the development of colonnade screens, a row of purely decorative columns in front of load-bearing walls. Tiling took the Romans by storm, as many Roman homes joined the well known mural in decorating floors, walls, and grottoes in geometric and pictorial designs (Early Christian Architecture, n.d).   A recent study of Eastern Roman architecture illustrated the ‘imperial’ style and universality of Roman architecture, drawing upon Greek prototypes but designed to be of single theme to integrate a ‘common cultural basis.’ Architecture was seen as a manifestation, a tool to enforce its power over subject nations by a common, imposed vocabulary seen to be the same in every city of the empire, except for some minor decorative details and construction techniques. There is a homogeneity to Roman architecture cannot be denied, but it was never the overriding factor either. Nowhere was regionalism more important in Roman architecture than in the East. In this past, this has been minimized, usually because Roman architecture has been viewed almost wholly from the Classi cal perspective (Ball W, p.247, 2000). Counter Reformation attitudes however are not reflected or influenced the architectural development in ancient Roman architecture. The influence of early Christianity and Scholasticism can be seen in some isolated cases, such as the Cathedral of Mantua in 1545 by Giulio Romano, where colonnades, architrave, and flat ceiling of the nave can be traced back to Old St.Peter’s (Kruft H. W, Ch.8, p.93, 1996) .   The Romans contribution to architecture remains exemplified through its robust presence throughout Europe and North America by way of arches and domes of governmental and religious buildings (Early Christian Architecture, n.d). During the 17th century, Roman Catholic churches reveled in artistry that combined architecture as well as painting and sculpture. The interiors were conspicuous by the baroque combines all three arts to produce a sense of emotional exuberance. This style differed from the Renaissance. The Roman Catholic world was the home of baroque, and the Catholic Church enjoyed an aura of centuries of authority and prestige. St. Peter’s Church in Rome set the example for numerous other churches built and decorated in the 17th century to put baroque. Welcomed by rows of saints, gesticulating eagerly in stone from alcove or roof line, the interior was full of mingling curves of columns, altars and sculpted groups, breaking up the solidity of side walls, leading up to an illusionist ceiling that became a source that provided light to the inside. The ceilings were decorated with angels and people of fame or virtue, streaming upwards into the distant clouds of heaven (Historyworld, n.d). Frescos’ were predominant Roman style architectural revelations. The Romanesque and Gothic St Marys Cathedral, built between the 9th and 14th centuries, featured impressive frescos, an 11th-century bronze portal, a Romanesque crypt, and paintings by Hans Holbein the Elder. The survival of a few twelfth-century windows displaying the prophets (see photo at the end) are among the oldest stained glass windows in German churches (HHOG, 2006). Erfurts landmark is dwarfed by Mariendom (Cathedral of Mary) and the Severikirche (St. Severus Church). The churches are standing examples of German architectural masterpieces of gothic style. The ‘Gloriosa’ (1497) (see photo), also called, the ‘queen of bells,’ has been praised for centuries for her magnificent sound. Inside the cathedral one sees the impressive gothic choir with its colorful cycle of stained glass windows that number 13 in all. They are over 40 feet high and are considered to be among the greatest works of medieval stained glass art. The Cathedral houses many noteworthy treasures of art created over the centuries. A wide and impressive open air stairway leads up from the Cathedral Square to the Cathedral and the Church of St. Severus (HHOG, 2006). 4.0 Summary Roman architecture dates back in time when Greek architecture was at its best. Many of the Greek style have been perfected by the Romans and this was evident in the way they built their churches. The Pantheon was an example of Roman architectural excellence, for the structure used some of the most complicated designs and shapes to defy logic. The Roman Christian churches remain one of the most brilliant discoveries in architectural history. Their style of designing and construction was achieved through ways of assimilating and rejecting various precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public and private buildings, and the synagogue. 5.0 Illustrations The Pantheon: Photo Courtesy: http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Workshop/5220/ancient/pant.html Twelfth-century windows displaying the prophets are said to be the oldest stained glass windows in Germany Photo Courtesy: http://www.hhog.de/4067.html Cathedral and Church Photo Courtesy: http://www.hhog.de/3666.html 6.0 Bibliography Ancient Roman Architecture, http://www.crystalinks.com/romearchitecture.html Reading: Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159169 Early Christian Architecture, http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/syl/christian.html Prof. Thomas Gordon Smith, Viturvius on Architecture, http://architecture.nd.edu/publications/faculty_publications.shtml Hanno-Walter Kruft, A History of Architectural Theory: From Vitruvius to the Present, 1996, Princeton Architectural, ISBN 1568980108 Warwick Ball, 2000, Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, Routledge, London, ISBN 0415243572 Historyworld Index Search, HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE, Baroque as a style: 17th 18th century AD, http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1545HistoryID=ab27#1545 HHOG, Historic Highlights of Germany, Dom (Cathedral), Augsburg: The German Renaissance, http://www.hhog.de/4067.html HHOG, Historic Highlights of Germany, Erfurt: The Medieval City, Mariendom (Cathedral of Mary) and Severikirche (St. Severus Church) http://www.hhog.de/3666.html

Comparing Sexuality in Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure,

Female Sexuality in All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, and Troilus and Cressida      Ã‚   Although strict chronology is a problematic proposition, most scholars believe that the problem plays - All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, and Troilus and Cressida - were composed in the period between Hamlet and Othello (Mabillard), a period in which Shakespeare was focusing his energies on his great tragedies.   This fact, some believe, may help to account for the darker mood of these ostensible comedies.   In fact, Boas, the critic who coined the term "problem play," originally included Hamlet in this grouping, since he found a similarity of theme and irresolution between that play and Troilus and Cressida (Thomas 2-3).   Thankfully for modern students, critics have escaped that preconception and recognized Hamlet as a tragedy, plain and simple.    Any generalization of these three plays - even a necessarily broad category like "problem plays" - is inherently . . . well, problematic.   The three plays are very dissimilar in tone, plot, and characterization.   It is possible, however, to identify a few key commonalities between the three plays, and, more generally, in the cycle of work that includes Hamlet and Othello.   The sheer carnality of each of these plays is difficult to ignore.   Taken as a whole, whether or not one accepts the canonical chronology, these plays represent the evolution of a coherent view of female sexuality that contributes not only to the dramatic action of each play, but to a larger underlying thematic concern.   Thus book-ended by two great tragedies, with which they share some common ideology, the problem plays offer an unparalleled opportunity to explore the concept of female sexualit... ...speare Online. 1999-2001.   <http://www.shakespeare-online.com/keydates/playchron.asp>. Neely, Carol Thomas.   "Shakespeare's Women: Historical Facts and Dramatic Representations."   In Holland, Norman N., Sidney Homan, and Bernard J. Paris, eds.   Shakespeare's Personality.   Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Shakespeare, William.   All's Well That Ends Well.   Bevington 362-403. ---.   Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.   Bevington 1060-1116. ---.   Measure for Measure.   Bevington 404-443. ---.   Othello, the Moor of Venice.   Bevington 1117-1166. ---.   Troilus and Cressida.   Bevington 444-493. Thomas, Vivian.   The Moral Universe of Shakespeare's Problem Plays.   London: Croom Helm, 1987. Wilders, John.   "The Problem Comedies."   In Wells, Stanley, ed.   Shakespeare: Select Bibliographical Guides.   London: Oxford UP, 1973.   

Case Study Toyota crisis Essay

Organizational Crisis negatively effect organization’s name and image, as well as adversely impact employee by instilling doubt, insecurity and distrust (Tahmicioglu, 2010). Employees are directly effected by the crisis, as they are the primary stakeholders (Obston, 2014) and brand ambassadors of the company. Thus, to ensure wellbeing of employees, especially in time of catastrophe, they should be well informed and fostered under the guidance of company’s leaders. Leaders at Toyota should take an immediate action; start with early internal crisis communication, take accountability and show their commitment to resolving the crisis. Male (2004) suggests, being proactive and transparent lessen doubt and distress among employees. It will be beneficial if a live talk is set up with the employees. Live podcast will personalize the message, and will allow employees to directly hear compassion and empathy in the leader’s voice. Establishing an active feedback loop is also very effective (Miller, 2014), an online forum on company’s intranet will be a great way to facilitate two-way dialogues between employees and executives. The forum will be pivotal in giving direct feedback to employees’ questions and concerns, and for consistently providing updated information. Along with starting communication, hotlines dedicated for crisis should be provided as part of employee assistance program; employees should be encouraged to actively use the services to get professional help they need for dealing with crisis. Lack of immediate dialogue leads to speculation (Miller, 2014), and when the magnitude of the crisis is as big as Toyota’s recall, consistent media scrutiny and amplification of negative news can further fuel anxiety and uncertainty among employees (Cole, 2011). Therefore, its imperative leaders eradicate uncertainty by giving timely crisis communication that precedes external news and provide continuing support to employees. An early two-way dialogue is a good start to lessen the chaos among distressed employees. However, in addition to continuing practice of honest internal communication, for the long run, leaders will need to establish processes specific to employees’ welfare to restore lost trust.  Organizational strategy needs to improve to rectify behaviors that effected employees’ welfare in past. Toyota’s work philosophy which Liker (2004) described as â€Å"The Toyota way,† was known for continuous improvement and people development; however, aggressive focus on rapid growth (Cole, 2011) resulted in detrimental practices, such as, reward system based on cost control versus quality control, poor training, declining working conditions and work overload (Sullivan, 2010; McNeill, 2013; Cole, 2011). These practices were not only damaging to employees trust, but also clearly violated psychological contract (Rousseau, 1995) of Toyota employees. To rebuild eroded trust caused by the violation of contract, leaders need to validate employees wellbeing is not compromised again. Gillespie and Dietz (2012) recommend implementing a strategy that will safeguard against future untrustworthy actions. This can be done by articulating and enacting a system instilled with high ethical standard, clearly communicated processes and better working conditions. Providing flexible working hours, manageable workload and regular training programs will prove leaders mean well; consistently incorporating employees voice will assure their role is imperative in recovery of company image. Lastly, proactively engaging in regular evaluation of processes will result in improved performance and ultimately recapturing the reputation. References: 1. Cole, R. E. (2011). What Really Happened to Toyota. MIT Sloan Management Review – The New Business of Innovation. 2. Gillespie, N., & Dietz, G. (2012). The recovery of trust: Case studies of organisational failures and trust repair. Institute of Business Ethics: London. 3. John, S. (2010). A think Piece: How HR caused Toyota to Crash. Retrieved from http://www.ere.net 4. Liker, J. (2004). The Toyota way 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer. McGraw-Hill 5. Male, B. (2010). How to handle a product recall. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com 6. McNeill, D. (2013). Cover-up: Toyota and Quality Control. The Asia Pacific Journal, Vol 11, Issue 36, No. 1, 7. Miller, J. (2014). 4 Tips to help leaders communicate during a crisis. Retrieve from http://smartblogs.com 8. Obston, A. (2014). 5 ways to communicate with employees during a crisis. Retrieved from http://www.ragan.com 9. Tahmicioglu, E. (2010). Surviving your company’s mistake. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com 10. Rousseau, D. (1995). The psychological contract: Violations and Modifications. The Organizational Behavior Reader. 8th ed.

The History of Gospel Music Essay - 2849 Words

Music is an important aspect of every society. Music can tell stories, release emotions, build bridges and break down barriers, but above all music is entertaining. There are various forms of music but not many have as rich a history as gospel music. The importance of gospel music has been relevant in American music for more than a century and its importance to society is still relevant to this day (See Appendix A). Gospel music helped slaves escape to freedom and paved the way for other styles of music. It promotes a spirit of hope and provided an outlet to worship God. So how exactly has Gospel music impacted today’s society? Music has been relevant in Christianity since its beginnings. Some of the first†¦show more content†¦Spirituals were not only â€Å"sung to keep spirits up† (Thompson 9), but were used as coded messages to give directions for where to go or how to proceed to freedom in the North. The slave owners believed that the slaves were hap py because they sang church songs and they praised God but little did they know, that the slaves were secretly communicating. For instance, during the Underground Railroad, songs like â€Å"Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd,’ ‘Wade in the Water,’ and ‘Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,’ all directly refer to secret code about using the Underground Railroad.† As many as 100,000 slaves escaped by means of this method (Thompson 9). When President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, over twenty million Americans, both black and white moved out of the southern United States. This move as stated by Whitaker, â€Å"transformed religion, American popular culture, racial hierarchies, American conservative and the nature of American regions.† During this revolutionary movement, â€Å"Baptist and Pentecostal churches† and music, such as jazz, blues and gospel, spread. Spirituals were not known by anywhere else in the country other than in the south until that time (570). Spirituals were used and recorded by producers and different artists. A group of college students called, â€Å"the Jubilee Singers,† from Fisk University sang Spirituals to parts of the United States andShow MoreRelatedGospel music Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesGospel Music Gospel music began in the cotton fields of the old south. It originates from slaves singing songs of freedom about Jesus and has integrated into today’s music. Gospel music is a standard version of sanctified music that has encouraged Christian beliefs and stimulated the practice of Christian ethical principles, both inside the context of worship services and as music entertainment. Gospel music began with Thomas A. Dorsey, the Father of Gospel Music. 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Susan Glaspell, And Death Of A Salesman - 793 Words

Over the year’s man and woman conflict have been a normal part of life. Where there are relationships there will be conflict. Researcher Anna Snyder says â€Å"A critical component of successful male-female relationships is the ability of the couples to handle conflict† (Snyder 10). Resolving conflict, or not can be vital for the fifty-fifty survival rate of marriages. In the two plays, Trifles by Susan Glaspell, and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. Both actors have a great background of literature, Glaspell an American Pulitzer Prize-winner, playwright, novelist, and Arthur Miller who also was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Withal plays can relate in ways to different gender conflicts, and the problems that takes place in everyday relationships. Men and women may face different demands of resolving these conflicts. Men tend to handle things in a more aggressive way, as to woman being the calm ones. Throughout these two plays they may differ. In Susan Glaspe ll’s, Trifles, originally starred at the Wharf Theatre in Provincetown, Massachusetts on August 8,1916. What makes this play unique is because the way it starts off as a mystery, for the most part all that’s known is there’s a man dead and Mrs. Wright pleads â€Å"her husband has been murdered while she was asleep (872)†. Moreover, this play has come to a surprise to people at the time because men where always portrayed as dominant figures or maybe would have expected a similar situation to this but opposite, with aShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1714 Words   |  7 PagesTrifles written by Susan Glaspell loneliness, poverty and isolation consume the lives of the characters. Susan Glaspell’s play â€Å"Trifles† written in 1916. In this play the author’s talks of her preoccupation with culture- bound notions of gender and sex roles. Glaspell says women are considered trifles which mean they are not impo rtant to society which is carried out by men (Baym, p. 742). In Trifles written by Susan Glaspell the time is in the early 20th century. When Glaspell wrote â€Å"Trifles† inRead MoreThe Piano Lesson By August Wilson1295 Words   |  6 Pageshis blessings but is not successful. Suddenly, Berniece knows that she must play the piano again as a plea to her ancestors. Finally, the house is led to a calm aura, and Willie leaves. 2 Trifles are written by Susan Glaspell. Trifles is about the women killed her husband. Glaspell characterizes male characters differently than females. In the beginning of the story the Sheriff seems as though he doesn’t really care about the women or the murder of Mr. Right. He tells the County Attorney whenRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers And Flannery O Connor s Good Country People Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesis much that can be learned by looking back at problematic situations portrayed by women writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Out of all of the texts written by women only three will be discussed; Rebecca Harding Davis’s Life in the Iron-Mills, Susan Glaspell’s A Jury of Her Peers and Flannery O’Connor’s Good Country People, in which specific symbols are used as representations of the ways in which women were oppressed and how important it is to study these texts today. By narrowing down the numberRead MoreAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell1425 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the plot develops through action. As soon as the play begins readers and viewers are introduced to the county attorney, the sheriff, and Mr. Hale. Due to the fact that these three men discuss the case and death of Mr. Wright quite a bit, the audience is made to believe that they are the main characters of the play. However; the true protagonists of the play are revealed as soon as the men departure from the kitchen and leave the characters Mrs. Peters and MrsRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1159 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage, or through one’s own self. Willy Loman, a delusional salesman, in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman; Minnie Wright, an unhappy and lonely housewife, in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles; and Oedipus, a king with excessive pride and determination, in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King illustrate how people lose their identities over the course o f time. Society can cause the loss of a person’s identity, as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman depicts the American dream as society’s view of success. The AmericanRead MoreExpositions Of Exposition In Trifles By Susan Glaspell1749 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience members would have no clue what is going on. Expositions are also useful in letting an audience know what to expect and see later on in a play. Exposition can occur through action, narration, or dialogue from the characters. In Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the exposition occurs through action and dialogue. The characters Mrs. Peters, Mrs. Hale, Mr. Hale, the sheriff, and the county attorney all meet up at the Wright’s abandoned farm house letting the audience know that something bad must have occurredRead MoreTrifles Literary Analysis1752 Words   |  8 Pagesaudience members would have no clue what is going on. Expositions are also useful in letting an audience know what to expect and see later on in a play. Exposition can occur through action, narration, or dialogue from the characters. In Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, the exposition occurs through action and dialogue. The characters Mrs. Peters, Mrs. Hale, Mr. Hale, the sheriff, and the county attorney all meet up at the Wright’s abandoned farm house letting the audience know that something bad must have occurredRead MoreFacilitating Learning and Assessment in Practice3273 Words   |  14 PagesDante’s Inferno, Hawthorne’s House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter, Dostoyevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov, Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and Death of a Salesman, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Shakespeare’s MacBeth and Hamlet, and numerous examples of poetry by Whitman, Wordsworth, the Brownings, Poe, Dickinson, Donne, Frost, Burns, Sandburg, Longfellow, Hughes, Angelou, C ummings, Plath and others. A

The Weakening of Representation and Policy-Making The...

Its a reflection of the political dynamic in America, where we dont look at America as a whole. We look at it through the red and blue prism† (Taylor, 1). The red and blue prism that Senator Olympia Snowe is referring to is the political parties that function in the United States. The current existence of political parties in America is a hindrance to effective representation of the people. Because of the lack of bipartisanship between the parties in Congress, the absence of compromise leads to gridlock in regards to passing legislations by members of Congress. In this paper, I will argue how the strengthening of political parties’ polarization in America—and the priority of party over constituents—contributed to a lack of effective†¦show more content†¦As for gatekeeping, the majority party is able to control what bills get to the floor. The majority party attempts to bring in legislations it wants, while keeping out policies that the minority par ty are in favor of. In this particular instance, gatekeeping works in the House because of the germane requirements, as well as restrictive rules (Aldrich and Rhode, 3). In the House during the 1970s, power shifted from committees back to the leadership. Eventually, the leadership became increasingly powerful where the party had a strong influence on campaigning. Evidence revealed that there was stronger party loyalty after the 1970s because of the reform (Aldrich and Rhode, 25). In the Senate, when parties are homogenous, legislations offered by both parties should be the same. However, when the respective distributions of opinions are different, which is the current situation, parties will not agree (Aldrich and Rhode, 270). Jonathan Allen of Politico mentions that senators no longer enjoy being in Congress anymore. They feel that they are not making any improvements because they are not necessarily representing their constituents (Allen, 1). In Congress and Its Members by Roger H . Davidson, Walter J. Oleszek, and Frances E. Lee, members of the House generally vote along party lines, not according to constituents, which undermine representation (Davidson, Oleszek, and Lee, 263). While members of Congress may want to represent their constituents, the strengthening ofShow MoreRelatedHow and Why Did Mussolini Rise to Power? Essay4426 Words   |  18 Pagesauthority. This was signified by the marked political instability from 1919 to 1922, where 5 weak governments were elected in quick succession. The â€Å"mutilated victory† of Versailles, where Italy was given meagre quantities of land, was a cataclysmic blow to the popularity of liberalism and allowed for more radical parties such as the Fascists to enter the political spectrum. Threats to the government’s power came from both the far right and left, with the Fascist party gaining 35 seats in 1921 and membershipRead MoreForeign Direct Investment:: Country Risk Assessment of Spain5765 Words    |  24 Pages 3 B. 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Islam and Business free essay sample

Relationships are important to business either making or breaking a deal. Of one such example: In United States we see the shaking of hands as closing, solidifying, and making a deal. However, the Jewish culture has a tradition of gender in shaking hands. Men and women are not to touch unless they are betrothed to each other. This could become complex and minimize business transactions. Also, when we consider Islam it would be remiss to consider doing business during their month of Ramadan. This is a time of fasting with. their business hours greatly reduced. Cultural factors can sometimes raise the cost of doing business, in China, guanxi is a cultural reality, that is necessary for business relationships in Chinese culture, the great McDonalds corporation, had to pay dearly because it lacked the concept of Guanxi. 2. Do you think that business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how? I Do you think that business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States. With some seemingly practical similarities in Islam to the U. S. ooking deeper we find much difference. Let’s look again at hand shaking. In the U. S. we shake hands differently by occasion and gender. We have many a stratum to hand shaking. If men in U. S. shake hands it’s a cultural rhythm of up and down with firm grip. In the Arabic and Islamic countries it may be considered rude to shake with a firm grip as their hand shake is somewhat weak in contact. Islamic’ also base their business transactions on relationships. They tend not to separate their business and personal relationships. Business relationships are built on trust, family ties, and honor. Our western culture is establishing individualism basing ones business associations on accomplishments creating loose business ties. A major difference between the two nations would be communication in language In order for successful business there must be learned and understanding of each language for business efforts to succeed. In the reading, an illustration of the cultural differences to time was given to explain the western business approach to time, and a society where the group dynamic dominates, folkways and mores. Such as the Arabic culture. . What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion or ethical system of a country? Relationships are affected by dominate religion differences. Differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. Things like knowing the holidays in ones religion that are kept, and understating the differences of interpersonal relationships how non believers and those that have strong beliefs may be tr eated differently in different nations. Religious differences can really have different play factors in business. Attitudes differ greatly when it comes to religion. Work ethics, when I think of China they have seemed to always have a rigorous learning practice. Yet, in ethics there has been corruption dealing with family members protecting family even when they know one of their members has broken an ethical standard. Western cultural still rests on individualism. The citizens of the United States will have caution but will decide with the law in signs of illegal practices even when it comes to turning a family member over to authorities. Cross Cultural Literacy, which means, an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced 4. Choose two countries that appear to be culturally diverse. Compare the cultures of those countries and then indicate how cultural differences influence (a) the costs of doing business in each country, (b) the likely future economic development of that country, and (c) business practices. The United States and India, are two culturally diverse countries, one the United States, is described as not as rigid as India as it relates to degree of mobility, between social strata, in addition, the United States is described as a class system and India a caste system, in a caste system, that is the caste that you must remain in, in the United States, upward mobility is a possibility, it was said that in India things are changing for the Untouchables of India, The Dalit, who, are now being allowed to move into the urban areas, for better jobs and opportunities that were illegal for them until, the 70s and the 80s. . Can you see anything in the value of Islam that is hostile to business? a. The ritual nature of everyday life in a Muslim culture is striking to western vistors, Prayers 5 times a day, business meetings may be put on hold while Muslims engage in their daily prayer ritual. Women must be dressed in a certain manner. What does the experience of the region around Kayser i teach us about the realationship between Islam and business? b. The Anatolian tiger –many dismiss this poor largely agricultural region of Turkey as a non- European back water, it is a region where traditional Islamic values hold sway. Merchant honor- 91% of a Muslims life is devoted to work in order to put food on the table. Islamic Calvinism is a fusion of traditional Islamic values and work ethic often associated with Calvinism. Islam preaches equal opportunity in business. Globalization is at work. The weakness in the Islamic model is traditional attitudes toward women in the work place. . Given the Islamic Proclivity to favor market based systems, Muslims countries are likely to be receptive to international business as long as those businesses behave in a manner consistent with Islamic ethics. 6. Why do you think that it is so important to cultivate guanxi and guanxiwang in China? a. Guanxinang- relationship network with the right guanxi, legal rule can be bent. What does the experience of DMG tells us about the way things work in Ch ina? What would likely happen to a business that obeyed all of the rules and regulations, rather than trying to find a way around them as Dan Mintz apparently did? b. Guanxi versus contract law in the west, in China personal power relationships or connections. What are the ethical issues that might arise when drawing upon guanixiwang to get Things done in China? What does this suggest about the limits of using guanixwang for a Western business committed to high ethical standards? c. There is a fine line between relationship building and bribery. Cross cultural literacy and understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced. References L Minder, â€Å"McDonalds to close original Bejing store USA Today Dec 2, 1996, P 1A Hannah Selugson â€Å"For American Markets Workers in China a cultural Clash, New York Times, Dec 24, 2009 P B1 Cultural Differences , Iowa State University web site www. celtiastate. edu, March 25, 2010 All citations Global Business Today Charles W. L. Hill